Weed Information: Balsamorhiza sagittata (balsamroot, arrowleaf)
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Balsamorhiza sagittata (balsamroot, arrowleaf)

Family: Asteraceae

Description

This native wildflower is common in steppe communities of the Pacific Northwest. It is sometimes referred to as `Palouse sunflower` which is a poor common name since true sunflowers bloom in the fall, and this genus blooms in the spring. Due to its large woody taproot, this species has been able to survive in many grazed sites but will not survive cultivation. In many of the drier areas, such as Washington State`s Columbia Basin, this species is replaced by Balsamorhiza caryana which is easily distinguished by its rough scratchy leaves. It is not a weed and is included in this program only due to its appearance in Pacific Northwest Weeds.

Characteristics

Flower Color
  • Orange
  • Yellow-orange
  • Yellow
  • Brown/Black
  • Multi-colored
Inflorescence Type (How the flowers are arranged on the plant)
  • Head
  • Solitary, terminal
Number of Petals
  • 5 petals
  • more than 10 petals
Petal Separation
  • Completely free to base
  • United > 75% of length
Petal Tip
  • Rounded
  • Square
  • Toothed
Flower Symmetry
  • Flowers regular
Flower Length (Head length in the Asteraceae)
  • 1.5 cm (.6 inch)
  • 2.0 cm (.8 inch)
  • 2.5 cm (1.0 inch)
  • 3.0 cm (1.2 inches)
  • 3.5 cm (1.4 inches)
Flower Width (Head width in the Asteraceae)
  • 5.0 cm (2.0 inches)
  • > 5.0 cm (> 2.0 inches)
Number of Sepals
  • sepals lacking
  • more than 10 sepals
Sepal Separation
  • Completely free to base
Sepal Tip
  • Pointed
Flower Sex
  • Bisexual (perfect)
Number of Styles
  • 1 style
Number of Stamens
  • 5 stamens
Stamens Attached to the Petals
  • Stamens attached to the petals
Stamens Connate (united)
  • Anthers united, syngynoecious

Carpel Separation
  • Carpels united (or one)
Number of Carpels
  • 1 carpel
Ovary Position
  • Inferior (epigynous)
Fruit Type
  • Achene
Fruit Length at Maturity
  • 6 mm (.24 inch)
  • 7 mm (.28 inch)
  • 8 mm (.32 inch)
  • 9 mm (.36 inch)
  • 1.0 cm (.40 inch)
Fruit Width at Maturity
  • 2 mm (.08 inch)
  • 3 mm (.12 inch)
  • 4 mm (.16 inch)
Burs
  • Fruit or seed NOT bur-like

Leaf Arrangement
  • All basal
  • Alternate
Leaf Type
  • Simple (including lobed leaves)
Stipules
  • Lacking
Tendrils
  • Tendrils absent
Venation
  • Pinnate
Petiole (leaf stem) Blade Ratio
  • Petiole 25% - 75% total length
Leaf Length (blade PLUS petiole)
  • 2 - 4 dm (8.0 - 16.0 inches)
  • 4 - 6 dm (1.3 - 2.0 feet)
  • > 6 dm (> 2.0 feet)
Leaf Width
  • 4 - 10 cm (1.6 - 4.0 inches)
  • 1 - 2 dm (4.0 - 8.0 inches)
Leaf Shape (simple leaves only)
  • Cordate (heart)
  • Deltoid (triangular)
  • Sagittate (arrowhead)
Leaf or Leaflet Margin
  • Entire
Leaf or Leaflet Blade Base
  • Cordate
  • Sagittate
Leaf or Leaflet Tip
  • Acute
  • Rounded (obtuse)
Leaf or Leaflet Blade Surface
  • Canescent
  • Lower leaf surface more hairy
  • Pubescent
  • Tomentose
Succulence
  • Not succulent

Milky Juice
  • Juice NOT milky (watery)
Woodiness
  • Herbaceous
Spines or Thorns
  • Spines or Thorns ABSENT
Aromatic (vegetative structures)
  • Not aromatic
  • Aromatic
Life Cycle
  • Perennial
Growth Habit (while flowering)
  • Erect, spherical (bushy)
Plant Height at Maturity
  • 2 - 4 dm (8.0 - 16.0 inches)
  • 4 - 6 dm (1.3 - 2.0 feet)
  • 6 - 8 dm (2.0 - 2.6 feet)
  • 8 - 10 dm (2.6 - 3.3 feet)
Wind Dissemination
  • Not wind disseminated
Moisture Regime
  • Mesic
  • Arid
Chlorophyll
  • Present

Stem Cross Section
  • Round
Flowering Stem Leaves
  • Stem leafless
  • Stem leaves greatly reduced
Main Stem Branches
  • Main stem unbranched

Root or Vegetative Propagule
  • Tap Root

US State
  • Kansas
  • Arizona
  • California
  • Colorado
  • Idaho
  • Montana
  • North Dakota
  • Nevada
  • Oregon
  • South Dakota
  • Utah
  • Washington
  • Wyoming
Canadian Province or Territory
  • British Columbia
  • Alberta

  • Northwest Weeds, 1990 (ISBN 0-87842-249-8) See page: 70
  • Listed as a `Weed` by the Biota of North America Program, 2008 X
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