Inflorescence Type (How the flowers are arranged on the plant)

• Head

Number of Petals

• 0 (no petals)

Number of Sepals

• sepals lacking

Number of Styles

• Styles lacking (male flowers only)

Number of Stamens

• stamens lacking (female flowers only)

Number of Carpels

• 0 (male flowers only or plants producing spores)

Fruit Length at Maturity

• 1 mm (.04 inch) or less

Fruit Width at Maturity

• 1 mm (.04 inch) or less

Burs

• Fruit or seed NOT bur-like

Fruit Type

• Spore

Leaf Arrangement

• Whorled > 8 per node

Leaf Type

• Simple (including lobed leaves)

Stipules

• Lacking

Tendrils

• Tendrils absent

Venation

• Parallel

Petiole (leaf stem) Blade Ratio

• Petiole absent (leaf sessile)

Leaf Length (blade PLUS petiole)

• < 5 mm (< .20 inch)
• 5 - 10 mm (.20 - .40 inch)
• 1 - 2 cm (.40 - .80 inch)
• 2 - 4 cm (.80 - 1.60 inches)
• 4 - 10 cm (1.60 - 4.0 inches)

Leaf Width

• < 1 mm (< .04 inch)
• 1 - 5 mm (.04 - .20 inch)

Leaf Shape (simple leaves only)

• Linear or filiform

Leaf or Leaflet Margin

• Entire

Leaf or Leaflet Blade Base

• Truncate

Leaf or Leaflet Tip

• Acuminate (attenuate)
• Acute

Leaf or Leaflet Blade Surface

• Glabrous (NO hairs)

Succulence

• Not succulent

Milky Juice

• Juice NOT milky (watery)

Woodiness

• Herbaceous

Spines or Thorns

• Spines or Thorns ABSENT

Aromatic (vegetative structures)

• Not aromatic

Life Cycle

• Perennial

Growth Habit (while flowering)

• Erect, columnar (narrow)

Plant Height at Maturity

• 1 - 2 dm (4.0 - 8.0 inches)
• 2 - 4 dm (8.0 - 16.0 inches)
• 4 - 6 dm (1.3 - 2.0 feet)
• 6 - 8 dm (2.0 - 2.6 feet)

Wind Dissemination

• Fruit, seed, or spore wind borne

Moisture Regime

• Semi-aquatic
• Seasonally saturated
• Mesic

Chlorophyll

• Absent
• Present

Stem Cross Section

• Hollow (flowering stem at maturity)
• Ridged
• Round

Flowering Stem Leaves

• Stem leafless

Main Stem Branches

• Main stem unbranched
• Main stem branched

Root or Vegetative Propagule

• Fibrous
• Rhizomatous

US State

• Alabama
• Arkansas
• Connecticut
• Delaware
• Georgia
• Illinois
• Kansas
• Kentucky
• Massachusetts
• Maine
• Michigan
• Missouri
• Mississippi
• North Carolina
• New Hampshire
• New Jersey
• New York
• Ohio
• Pennsylvania
• South Carolina
• Tennessee
• Texas
• Virginia
• Wisconsin
• West Virginia
• Indiana
• Maryland
• Rhode Island
• Vermont
• Alaska
• Arizona
• California
• Colorado
• Iowa
• Idaho
• Minnesota
• Montana
• North Dakota
• New Mexico
• Nevada
• Oklahoma
• Oregon
• South Dakota
• Utah
• Washington
• Wyoming
• Nebraska

Canadian Province or Territory

• British Columbia
• New Brunswick
• Nova Scotia
• Ontario
• Prince Edward Island
• Quebec
• Alberta
• Manitoba
• Newfoundland
• Saskatchewan
• Yukon
• Nunavut
• Northwest Territory

Other

• District of Columbia
• St. Pierre and Miquelon
• Labrador
• Greenland

• Aquatic and Riparian Plants of the West, 2003 (ISBN# 1-879906-59-7) See page: 202
• The Biology of Canadian Weeds: Canadian Journal of Plant Science Vol:61Pg. 123
• California Growers Weed Identification Handbook, 1968 - 1998 University of California Publication # 4030-1, See page: 278
• Common Weeds of Canada, Mulligan 1987 (ISBN 0-910053-59-9) See page: 11
• Common Weeds of the United States, 1971 (ISBN 0-486-20504-5) See page: 6
• Garden Weeds of Southern California, 1981, See page: 18
• Gilkey`s Weeds of the Pacific Northwest, 1980 (ISBN 0-88246-039-0) See page: 21
• How to Know the Weeds, 1972, (ISBN# 0-697-04880-2) See page: 13
• Identification Guide to the Weeds of Quebec, 1999 (ISBN# 2-89457-174-7) See page: 206
• More Turfgrass and Related Weeds: Beyond the Color Atlas, 2011 Clemson University Publishing ISBN# 978-0-9798777-5-9 See Page: 222
• Northwest Weeds, 1990 (ISBN 0-87842-249-8) See page: 9
• Ontario Weeds, 1992 Agdex 640, Publication #505 See page: 19
• Selected Weeds of Oregon, 1985 and 1989 Supplement (s) Oregon State Dept. of Agriculture, See page: s1
• Some Important Michigan Weeds, 1951 Mich. Ag. Exp. Station Bulletin #304, See page: 35
• South Dakota Weeds, 1967 South Dakota State University, See page: 44
• South Dakota Weeds 2002 South Dakota Dept. of Ag. 523 E. Capitol, Foss Bldg. Pierre, South Dakota 57501 See page: 30
• Weeds, 1955 (1980) Walter Conrad Muenscher, ISBN# 0-8014-1266-8 See page: 106, 107
• Weeds of California, 1970, State of California Publications and Documents. See page: 35
• Weeds of California and other Western States, 2007 (ISBN 13: 978-1-879906-69-3) See Page: 693
• Weeds of Canada, 1970 Canada Dept. of Ag., Pub. # 948, See page: 11
• Weeds of Colorado, 1990 Cooperative Extension, Colorado State Univ. Bulletin 521A, See page: 17
• Weeds of Eastern Washington and Adjacent Areas, 1972 (LOC 72-83635) See page: 20
• Weeds of Nebraska and the Great Plains, 1994 (ISBN 0939870-00-4) See page: 286
• Weeds of Nova Scotia, 1986 (ISBN# 0-88871-063) See page: 46
• Weeds of the Midwestern United States & Central Canada, University of Georgia 2010, ISBN#0-8203-3506-1 See page: 23
• Weeds of the North Central States, 1981 Univ. of Illinois, Urbana - Champaign Bulletin # 772, See page: 11
• Weeds of the Northeast, 1956, Univ. of Delaware Field Manual #1 See species #: 1
• Weeds of the Northeast, 1997 Cornell University ISBN# 0-8014-8334-4 See page: 22
• Weeds of the Northern United States and Canada, 1964 Montgomery See page: 3
• Weeds of the Northern U.S, and Canada, 1999 Royer and Dickinson, (ISBN# 1-55105-221-0) See page: 216 217
• Weeds of the South, University of Georgia 2009, ISBN#0-8203-3046-9 See page: 23
• Weeds of the United States and Their Control, Lorenzi 1987, ISBN# 0-442-25884-4 See page: 32
• Weeds of the West, 1992 (ISBN 0941570-13-4) See page: 306
• Weeds of the West, 2000 (ISBN 0941570-13-4) See page: 304
• Weeds of Utah, 1971 UAES Special Report 21, See page: 5
• Wildly Successful Plants, A Handbook of North American Weeds, 1977 (ISBN# 0-02-528850-4) See page: 9,18,29,243
• Listed as a `Weed` by the Biota of North America Program, 2008 X
• Listed in the WSSA Composite List of Weeds X