Flower Color

• Yellow
• White
• Multi-colored

Inflorescence Type (How the flowers are arranged on the plant)

• Head

Number of Petals

• 4 petals
• 5 petals

Petal Separation

• Completely free to base
• United > 75% of length

Petal Tip

• Pointed
• Toothed

Flower Symmetry

• Flowers regular

Flower Length (Head length in the Asteraceae)

• 3 mm (.12 inch)
• 4 mm (.16 inch)
• 5 mm (.20 inch)
• 6 mm (.24 inch)
• 7 mm (.28 inch)
• 8 mm (.32 inch)

Flower Width (Head width in the Asteraceae)

• 6 mm (.24 inch)
• 7 mm (.28 inch)
• 8 mm (.32 inch)
• 9 mm (.36 inch)

Number of Sepals

• sepals lacking
• more than 10 sepals

Sepal Separation

• Completely free to base

Sepal Tip

• Pointed
• Rounded

Flower Sex

• Bisexual (perfect)

Number of Styles

• 1 style

Number of Stamens

• 5 stamens

Stamens Attached to the Petals

• Stamens attached to the petals

Stamens Connate (united)

• Anthers united, syngynoecious

Carpel Separation

• Carpels united (or one)

Number of Carpels

• 1 carpel

Ovary Position

• Inferior (epigynous)

Fruit Type

• Achene

Fruit Length at Maturity

• 1 mm (.04 inch) or less

Fruit Width at Maturity

• 1 mm (.04 inch) or less

Burs

• Fruit or seed NOT bur-like

Leaf Arrangement

• Opposite

Leaf Type

• Simple (including lobed leaves)

Stipules

• Lacking

Tendrils

• Tendrils absent

Venation

• Pinnate

Petiole (leaf stem) Blade Ratio

• Petiole absent (leaf sessile)
• Petiole < 25% total length

Leaf Length (blade PLUS petiole)

• 2 - 4 cm (.80 - 1.60 inches)
• 4 - 10 cm (1.60 - 4.0 inches)

Leaf Width

• 2 - 4 cm (.80 - 1.6 inches)
• 4 - 10 cm (1.6 - 4.0 inches)

Leaf Shape (simple leaves only)

• Deltoid (triangular)
• Lanceolate
• Oval
• Ovate

Leaf or Leaflet Margin

• Crenate
• Dentate
• Serrate
• Serrate, doubly
• Ciliate

Leaf or Leaflet Blade Base

• Acute (cuneate)
• Rounded
• Truncate

Leaf or Leaflet Tip

• Acuminate (attenuate)
• Acute

Leaf or Leaflet Blade Surface

• Hirsute
• Sericeous or villous (silky)
• Sparsely hairy
• Villous or sericious (silky)

Succulence

• Not succulent

Milky Juice

• Juice NOT milky (watery)

Woodiness

• Herbaceous

Spines or Thorns

• Spines or Thorns ABSENT

Aromatic (vegetative structures)

• Not aromatic

Life Cycle

• Annual

Growth Habit (while flowering)

• Erect, spherical (bushy)

Plant Height at Maturity

• 5 - 10 cm (2.0 - 4.0 inches)
• 1 - 2 dm (4.0 - 8.0 inches)
• 2 - 4 dm (8.0 - 16.0 inches)
• 4 - 6 dm (1.3 - 2.0 feet)

Wind Dissemination

• Not wind disseminated

Moisture Regime

• Mesic

Chlorophyll

• Present

Stem Cross Section

• Ridged
• Round
• Square

Flowering Stem Leaves

• Stem uniformly leafy

Main Stem Branches

• Main stem branched

Root or Vegetative Propagule

• Fibrous
• Tap Root

US State

• Alabama
• Arkansas
• Connecticut
• Delaware
• Florida
• Georgia
• Illinois
• Kansas
• Kentucky
• Louisiana
• Massachusetts
• Maine
• Michigan
• Missouri
• North Carolina
• New Hampshire
• New Jersey
• New York
• Ohio
• Pennsylvania
• South Carolina
• Tennessee
• Virginia
• Wisconsin
• West Virginia
• Hawaii
• Indiana
• Maryland
• Rhode Island
• Vermont
• California
• Colorado
• Iowa
• Minnesota
• Montana
• North Dakota
• Oklahoma
• Oregon
• South Dakota
• Washington
• Wyoming
• Nebraska

Canadian Province or Territory

• British Columbia
• New Brunswick
• Nova Scotia
• Ontario
• Prince Edward Island
• Quebec
• Alberta
• Manitoba
• Newfoundland
• Saskatchewan

Other

• Puerto Rico
• District of Columbia

• The Biology of Canadian Weeds: Canadian Journal of Plant Science Vol:63Pg.695
• California Growers Weed Identification Handbook, 1968 - 1998 University of California Publication # 4030-1, See page: 221
• Common Weeds of Canada, Mulligan 1987 (ISBN 0-910053-59-9) See page: 115
• Common Weeds of the Canadian Prairies, 1963 (Cat# A53-1136-1) See page: 39
• Common Weed Seedlings of the United States and Canada, 1978 Coop Ext. Univ. of Georgia, Athens, See page: 12
• How to Know the Weeds, 1972, (ISBN# 0-697-04880-2) See page: 182
• Identification Guide to the Weeds of Quebec, 1999 (ISBN# 2-89457-174-7) See page: 50
• Identifying Seedling and Mature Weeds (Southeastern US) 1980 North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Bulletin #461 See page: 56
• More Turfgrass and Related Weeds: Beyond the Color Atlas, 2011 Clemson University Publishing ISBN# 978-0-9798777-5-9 See Page: 176
• Ontario Weeds, 1992 Agdex 640, Publication #505 See page: 211
• S.W.S.S. Weed ID Guide, 1993 Section Number and Five letter code: 13 GASCI
• Weeds, 1955 (1980) Walter Conrad Muenscher, ISBN# 0-8014-1266-8 See page: 466, 494
• Weeds, A Golden Guide, 1972 ISBN#0-307-24353-2 See page: 136
• Weeds of California and other Western States, 2007 (ISBN 13: 978-1-879906-69-3) See Page: 314
• Weeds of Canada, 1970 Canada Dept. of Ag., Pub. # 948, See page: 171
• Weeds of Kentucky and Adjacent States, 1991 (ISBN 0-8131-1743-7) See page: 62
• Weeds of Nebraska and the Great Plains, 1994 (ISBN 0939870-00-4) See page: 134
• Weeds of the Midwestern United States & Central Canada, University of Georgia 2010, ISBN#0-8203-3506-1 See page: 98
• Weeds of the Northeast, 1956, Univ. of Delaware Field Manual #1 See species #: 212
• Weeds of the Northeast, 1997 Cornell University ISBN# 0-8014-8334-4 See page: 142
• Weeds of the Northern United States and Canada, 1964 Montgomery See page: 183
• Weeds of the South, University of Georgia 2009, ISBN#0-8203-3046-9 See page: 78
• Weeds of the Southern United States, 1975, North Carolina Ag. Extension Circular #599 See page: 12
• Weeds of the United States and Their Control, Lorenzi 1987, ISBN# 0-442-25884-4 See page: 314
• Listed as a `Weed` by the Biota of North America Program, 2008 x
• Listed in the WSSA Composite List of Weeds X