Flower Color

• Yellow

Inflorescence Type (How the flowers are arranged on the plant)

• Axillary cluster
• Cyme (simple or branched)
• Panicle

Number of Petals

• 5 petals

Petal Separation

• Completely free to base
• United at base only (<25% length)

Petal Tip

• Rounded
• Square

Flower Symmetry

• Flowers regular

Flower Length (Head length in the Asteraceae)

• 4 mm (.16 inch)
• 5 mm (.20 inch)
• 6 mm (.24 inch)
• 7 mm (.28 inch)
• 8 mm (.32 inch)
• 9 mm (.36 inch)

Flower Width (Head width in the Asteraceae)

• 8 mm (.32 inch)
• 9 mm (.36 inch)
• 1.0 cm (.40 inch)
• 1.5 cm (.60 inch)
• 2.0 cm (.80 inch)

Number of Sepals

• 5 sepals

Sepal Separation

• Completely free to base

Sepal Tip

• Pointed
• Rounded

Flower Sex

• Bisexual (perfect)

Number of Styles

• 5 styles

Number of Stamens

• 10 stamens

Stamens Attached to the Petals

• Stamens NOT attached to the petals

Stamens Connate (united)

• Filaments or anthers NOT united
• Filaments united, monodelphous

Carpel Separation

• Carpels united (or one)

Number of Carpels

• 5 carpels

Ovary Position

• Superior (hypogynous)

Fruit Type

• Capsule, > 3-celled

Fruit Length at Maturity

• 1.0 cm (.40 inch)
• 1.5 cm (.60 inch)
• 2.0 cm (.80 inch)
• 2.5 cm (1.0 inch)

Fruit Width at Maturity

• 2 mm (.08 inch)
• 3 mm (.12 inch)
• 4 mm (.16 inch)
• 5 mm (.20 inch)

Burs

• Fruit or seed NOT bur-like

Leaf Arrangement

• Alternate

Leaf Type

• Trifoliolate (3 leaflets)

Stipules

• Lacking

Tendrils

• Tendrils absent

Venation

• Pinnate

Petiole (leaf stem) Blade Ratio

• Petiole > 75% total length

Leaf Length (blade PLUS petiole)

• 1 - 2 cm (.40 - .80 inch)
• 2 - 4 cm (.80 - 1.60 inches)
• 4 - 10 cm (1.60 - 4.0 inches)

Leaf Width

• 1 - 2 cm (.40 - .80 inch)
• 2 - 4 cm (.80 - 1.6 inches)
• 4 - 10 cm (1.6 - 4.0 inches)

Succulence

• Succulent
• Not succulent

Leaf or Leaflet Margin

• Entire

Leaf or Leaflet Blade Base

• Acute (cuneate)

Leaf or Leaflet Tip

• Notched (emarginate, retuse)

Leaf or Leaflet Blade Surface

• Glabrous (NO hairs)
• Pubescent
• Strigose

Milky Juice

• Juice NOT milky (watery)

Woodiness

• Herbaceous

Spines or Thorns

• Spines or Thorns ABSENT

Aromatic (vegetative structures)

• Not aromatic

Life Cycle

• Perennial

Growth Habit (while flowering)

• Prostrate
• Spreading ascending

Plant Height at Maturity

• 1 - 5 cm (.40 - 2.0 inches)
• 5 - 10 cm (2.0 - 4.0 inches)
• 1 - 2 dm (4.0 - 8.0 inches)
• 2 - 4 dm (8.0 - 16.0 inches)

Wind Dissemination

• Not wind disseminated

Moisture Regime

• Mesic

Chlorophyll

• Present

Stem Cross Section

• Round

Flowering Stem Leaves

• Stem uniformly leafy

Main Stem Branches

• Main stem branched

Root or Vegetative Propagule

• Rhizomatous
• Rooting at the nodes
• Stoloniferous

US State

• Alabama
• Arkansas
• Connecticut
• Delaware
• Florida
• Georgia
• Illinois
• Kansas
• Kentucky
• Louisiana
• Massachusetts
• Maine
• Michigan
• Missouri
• Mississippi
• North Carolina
• New Hampshire
• New Jersey
• New York
• Ohio
• Pennsylvania
• South Carolina
• Tennessee
• Texas
• Virginia
• Wisconsin
• West Virginia
• Indiana
• Maryland
• Rhode Island
• Vermont
• Arizona
• Colorado
• Iowa
• Idaho
• Minnesota
• Montana
• North Dakota
• New Mexico
• Oklahoma
• South Dakota
• Washington
• Wyoming
• Nebraska

Canadian Province or Territory

• British Columbia
• New Brunswick
• Nova Scotia
• Ontario
• Prince Edward Island
• Quebec
• Manitoba
• Newfoundland
• Saskatchewan

Other

• District of Columbia

• Common Weeds of the United States, 1971 (ISBN 0-486-20504-5) See page: 240
• Field Guide To The Common Weeds Of Kansas, 1983 (ISBN 0-7006-0233-X) See page: 78
• Gilkey`s Weeds of the Pacific Northwest, 1980 (ISBN 0-88246-039-0) See page: 177
• How to Know the Weeds, 1972, (ISBN# 0-697-04880-2) See page: 104
• Identification Guide to the Weeds of Quebec, 1999 (ISBN# 2-89457-174-7) See page: 118
• Identifying Seedling and Mature Weeds (Southeastern US) 1980 North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Bulletin #461 See page: 118
• Manual of Ohio Weeds, 1931 Ohio Ag. Exp. Station Bull. # 475, See page: 44
• Nebraska Weeds, 1979 Nebraska Dept. of Ag., Lincoln NE, See page: 95
• Ontario Weeds, 1992 Agdex 640, Publication #505 See page: 122
• Some Weedy Plants of North Carolina, 1955 North Carolina Ag. Ext. Circular # 390, See page: 32
• South Dakota Weeds, 1967 South Dakota State University, See page: 114
• South Dakota Weeds 2002 South Dakota Dept. of Ag. 523 E. Capitol, Foss Bldg. Pierre, South Dakota 57501 See page: 105
• S.W.S.S. Weed ID Guide, 1993 Section Number and Five letter code: 11 OXAST
• Weed Seeds of the Great Plains, 1993 University of Kansas# 92-125-B ISBN# 0-7006-0651-3 See index #: 136
• Weeds, 1955 (1980) Walter Conrad Muenscher, ISBN# 0-8014-1266-8 See page: 292
• Weeds of Arkansas 1981 (MP 169-5M-3-81) See page: 48
• Weeds of Kentucky and Adjacent States, 1991 (ISBN 0-8131-1743-7) See page: 130
• Weeds of Southern Turfgrasses, 1992 Univ. of Florida, Gainesville Publication # SP-79, See page: 158
• Weeds of the Midwestern United States & Central Canada, University of Georgia 2010, ISBN#0-8203-3506-1 See page: 251
• Weeds of the North Central States, 1981 Univ. of Illinois, Urbana - Champaign Bulletin # 772, See page: 111
• Weeds of the Northeast, 1956, Univ. of Delaware Field Manual #1 See species #: 328, 329
• Weeds of the Northeast, 1997 Cornell University ISBN# 0-8014-8334-4 See page: 266,370
• Weeds of the Northern United States and Canada, 1964 Montgomery See page: 101
• Weeds of the South, University of Georgia 2009, ISBN#0-8203-3046-9 See page: 245
• Weeds of the Southern United States, 1975, North Carolina Ag. Extension Circular #599 See page: 33
• Weeds of the United States and Their Control, Lorenzi 1987, ISBN# 0-442-25884-4 See page: 186
• Weeds of the West, 1992 (ISBN 0941570-13-4) See page: 399
• Weeds of the West, 2000 (ISBN 0941570-13-4) See page: 399
• Weeds of Utah, 1971 UAES Special Report 21, See page: 54
• Listed as a `Weed` by the Biota of North America Program, 2008 x
• Listed in the WSSA Composite List of Weeds X