Flower Color

• Red (or pink)
• Green
• White

Inflorescence Type (How the flowers are arranged on the plant)

• Axillary racemes
• Internodal raceme

Number of Petals

• 0 (no petals)
• 5 petals

Petal Separation

• Completely free to base

Petal Tip

• Rounded

Flower Symmetry

• Flowers regular

Flower Length (Head length in the Asteraceae)

• 4 mm (.16 inch)
• 5 mm (.20 inch)
• 6 mm (.24 inch)
• 7 mm (.28 inch)

Flower Width (Head width in the Asteraceae)

• 5 mm (.20 inch)
• 6 mm (.24 inch)
• 7 mm (.28 inch)

Number of Sepals

• 5 sepals

Sepal Separation

• Completely free to base

Sepal Tip

• Rounded

Flower Sex

• Unisexual (monoecious or dioecious)
• Bisexual (perfect)

Number of Styles

• Styles lacking (male flowers only)
• 10 styles

Number of Stamens

• stamens lacking (female flowers only)
• 10 stamens

Stamens Attached to the Petals

• Stamens NOT attached to the petals

Stamens Connate (united)

• Filaments or anthers NOT united

Carpel Separation

• Carpels united (or one)
• Carpels separated

Number of Carpels

• 0 (male flowers only or plants producing spores)
• 10 carpels

Ovary Position

• Superior (hypogynous)

Fruit Type

• Berry, blue
• Berry, green
• Berry, purple

Fruit Length at Maturity

• 6 mm (.24 inch)
• 7 mm (.28 inch)
• 8 mm (.32 inch)
• 9 mm (.36 inch)

Fruit Width at Maturity

• 6 mm (.24 inch)
• 7 mm (.28 inch)
• 8 mm (.32 inch)
• 9 mm (.36 inch)

Burs

• Fruit or seed NOT bur-like

Leaf Arrangement

• Alternate

Leaf Type

• Simple (including lobed leaves)

Stipules

• Lacking

Tendrils

• Tendrils absent

Venation

• Pinnate

Petiole (leaf stem) Blade Ratio

• Petiole < 25% total length

Leaf Length (blade PLUS petiole)

• 1 - 2 dm (4.0 - 8.0 inches)
• 2 - 4 dm (8.0 - 16.0 inches)

Leaf Width

• 4 - 10 cm (1.6 - 4.0 inches)

Leaf Shape (simple leaves only)

• Elliptic
• Lanceolate
• Oblong
• Ovate

Leaf or Leaflet Margin

• Entire

Leaf or Leaflet Blade Base

• Acuminate (attenuate)

Leaf or Leaflet Tip

• Acuminate (attenuate)
• Acute

Leaf or Leaflet Blade Surface

• Glabrous (NO hairs)

Succulence

• Not succulent

Milky Juice

• Juice NOT milky (watery)

Woodiness

• Herbaceous

Spines or Thorns

• Spines or Thorns ABSENT

Aromatic (vegetative structures)

• Aromatic

Life Cycle

• Perennial

Growth Habit (while flowering)

• Erect, columnar (narrow)

Plant Height at Maturity

• 1.5 - 2.0 meters (5.0 - 6.6 feet)
• 2 - 2.5 meters (6.6 - 8.3 feet)
• 2.5 - 5 meters (8.3 - 16.6 feet)

Wind Dissemination

• Not wind disseminated

Moisture Regime

• Mesic

Chlorophyll

• Present

Stem Cross Section

• Round

Flowering Stem Leaves

• Stem uniformly leafy

Main Stem Branches

• Main stem branched

Root or Vegetative Propagule

• Tap Root

US State

• Alabama
• Arkansas
• Connecticut
• Delaware
• Florida
• Georgia
• Illinois
• Kansas
• Kentucky
• Louisiana
• Massachusetts
• Maine
• Michigan
• Missouri
• Mississippi
• North Carolina
• New Hampshire
• New Jersey
• New York
• Ohio
• Pennsylvania
• South Carolina
• Tennessee
• Texas
• Virginia
• Wisconsin
• West Virginia
• Indiana
• Maryland
• Rhode Island
• Vermont
• Arizona
• California
• Iowa
• Minnesota
• New Mexico
• Oklahoma
• Oregon
• Washington
• Nebraska

Other

• District of Columbia

Canadian Province or Territory

• New Brunswick
• Ontario
• Quebec

• California Growers Weed Identification Handbook, 1968 - 1998 University of California Publication # 4030-1, See page: 243
• Common Weeds of the United States, 1971 (ISBN 0-486-20504-5) See page: 148
• Field Guide To The Common Weeds Of Kansas, 1983 (ISBN 0-7006-0233-X) See page: 17
• How to Know the Weeds, 1972, (ISBN# 0-697-04880-2) See page: 60
• Identifying Seedling and Mature Weeds (Southeastern US) 1980 North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Bulletin #461 See page: 102
• Manual of Ohio Weeds, 1931 Ohio Ag. Exp. Station Bull. # 475, See page: 52
• Nebraska Weeds, 1979 Nebraska Dept. of Ag., Lincoln NE, See page: 64
• Ontario Weeds, 1992 Agdex 640, Publication #505 See page: 69
• Representative Missouri Weeds and Their Control, 1941 Univ. of Missouri Ag. Exp Station Bulletin #433, See page: 83
• Some Weedy Plants of North Carolina, 1955 North Carolina Ag. Ext. Circular # 390, See page: 21
• S.W.S.S. Weed ID Guide, 1993 Section Number and Five letter code: 11 PHTAM
• Weed Seeds of the Great Plains, 1993 University of Kansas# 92-125-B ISBN# 0-7006-0651-3 See index #: 7
• Weeds, 1955 (1980) Walter Conrad Muenscher, ISBN# 0-8014-1266-8 See page: 197, 198
• Weeds, A Golden Guide, 1972 ISBN#0-307-24353-2 See page: 50
• Weeds of California, 1970, State of California Publications and Documents. See page: 165
• Weeds of California and other Western States, 2007 (ISBN 13: 978-1-879906-69-3) See Page: 992
• Weeds of Kentucky and Adjacent States, 1991 (ISBN 0-8131-1743-7) See page: 44
• Weeds of Nebraska and the Great Plains, 1994 (ISBN 0939870-00-4) See page: 380
• Weeds of the Midwestern United States & Central Canada, University of Georgia 2010, ISBN#0-8203-3506-1 See page: 253
• Weeds of the North Central States, 1981 Univ. of Illinois, Urbana - Champaign Bulletin # 772, See page: 69
• Weeds of the Northeast, 1956, Univ. of Delaware Field Manual #1 See species #: 186
• Weeds of the Northeast, 1997 Cornell University ISBN# 0-8014-8334-4 See page: 268
• Weeds of the South, University of Georgia 2009, ISBN#0-8203-3046-9 See page: 250
• Weeds of the Southern United States, 1975, North Carolina Ag. Extension Circular #599 See page: 34
• Weeds of the United States and Their Control, Lorenzi 1987, ISBN# 0-442-25884-4 See page: 124
• Wildly Successful Plants, A Handbook of North American Weeds, 1977 (ISBN# 0-02-528850-4) See page: 26, 195
• Listed as a `Weed` by the Biota of North America Program, 2008 x
• Listed in the WSSA Composite List of Weeds X