Flower Color

• Yellow

Inflorescence Type (How the flowers are arranged on the plant)

• Axillary cluster
• Solitary, axillary
• Solitary, terminal

Number of Petals

• 5 petals
• 6 petals
• 7 petals
• 8 petals
• 9 petals
• 10 petals
• more than 10 petals

Petal Separation

• Completely free to base

Petal Tip

• Bilobed
• Rounded

Flower Symmetry

• Flowers regular

Flower Length (Head length in the Asteraceae)

• 7 mm (.28 inch)
• 8 mm (.32 inch)
• 9 mm (.36 inch)
• 1.0 cm (.40 inch)
• 1.5 cm (.6 inch)

Flower Width (Head width in the Asteraceae)

• 1.5 cm (.60 inch)
• 2.0 cm (.80 inch)
• 2.5 cm (1.0 inch)
• 3.0 cm (1.2 inches)
• 3.5 cm (1.4 inches)

Number of Sepals

• 5 sepals

Sepal Separation

• Completely free to base

Sepal Tip

• Pointed

Flower Sex

• Bisexual (perfect)

Number of Styles

• More than 10 styles

Number of Stamens

• more than 10 stamens

Stamens Attached to the Petals

• Stamens NOT attached to the petals

Stamens Connate (united)

• Filaments or anthers NOT united

Carpel Separation

• Carpels separated

Number of Carpels

• >10 carpels

Ovary Position

• Superior (hypogynous)

Fruit Type

• Achene

Fruit Length at Maturity

• 2 mm (.08 inch)
• 3 mm (.12 inch)
• 4 mm (.16 inch)

Fruit Width at Maturity

• 1 mm (.04 inch) or less
• 2 mm (.08 inch)

Burs

• Fruit or seed NOT bur-like
• Fruit or seed bur-like

Leaf Arrangement

• Alternate

Leaf Type

• Palmately dissected
• Pinnately dissected
• Simple (including lobed leaves)
• Trifoliolate (3 leaflets)

Stipules

• Lacking

Tendrils

• Tendrils absent

Venation

• Palmate

Petiole (leaf stem) Blade Ratio

• Petiole 25% - 75% total length
• Petiole > 75% total length

Leaf Length (blade PLUS petiole)

• 2 - 4 cm (.80 - 1.60 inches)
• 4 - 10 cm (1.60 - 4.0 inches)
• 1 - 2 dm (4.0 - 8.0 inches)

Leaf Width

• 2 - 4 cm (.80 - 1.6 inches)
• 4 - 10 cm (1.6 - 4.0 inches)

Leaf Shape (simple leaves only)

• Palmately 3 lobed

Leaf or Leaflet Margin

• Lobed
• Parted
• Serrate

Leaf or Leaflet Blade Base

• Acute (cuneate)
• Truncate

Leaf or Leaflet Tip

• Acute

Leaf or Leaflet Blade Surface

• Glabrous (NO hairs)
• Hirsute
• Puberulent

Succulence

• Not succulent

Milky Juice

• Juice NOT milky (watery)

Woodiness

• Herbaceous

Spines or Thorns

• Spines or Thorns ABSENT

Aromatic (vegetative structures)

• Not aromatic

Life Cycle

• Perennial

Growth Habit (while flowering)

• Spreading ascending

Plant Height at Maturity

• 5 - 10 cm (2.0 - 4.0 inches)
• 1 - 2 dm (4.0 - 8.0 inches)
• 2 - 4 dm (8.0 - 16.0 inches)

Wind Dissemination

• Not wind disseminated

Moisture Regime

• Seasonally saturated
• Mesic

Chlorophyll

• Present

Stem Cross Section

• Round

Flowering Stem Leaves

• Stem uniformly leafy

Main Stem Branches

• Main stem branched

Root or Vegetative Propagule

• Fibrous
• Rooting at the nodes

US State

• Alabama
• Arkansas
• Connecticut
• Delaware
• Illinois
• Kansas
• Kentucky
• Massachusetts
• Maine
• Michigan
• Missouri
• Mississippi
• North Carolina
• New Hampshire
• New Jersey
• New York
• Ohio
• Pennsylvania
• South Carolina
• Tennessee
• Texas
• Virginia
• Wisconsin
• West Virginia
• Hawaii
• Indiana
• Maryland
• Rhode Island
• Vermont
• Alaska
• California
• Colorado
• Iowa
• Idaho
• Minnesota
• Montana
• New Mexico
• Nevada
• Oregon
• South Dakota
• Utah
• Washington
• Wyoming
• Nebraska

Canadian Province or Territory

• British Columbia
• New Brunswick
• Nova Scotia
• Ontario
• Prince Edward Island
• Quebec
• Alberta
• Manitoba
• Newfoundland
• Saskatchewan
• Yukon

Other

• District of Columbia
• St. Pierre and Miquelon
• Labrador
• Greenland

• The Biology of Canadian Weeds: Canadian Journal of Plant Science Vol:70Pg1123
• Common Weeds of Canada, Mulligan 1987 (ISBN 0-910053-59-9) See page: 44
• Common Weeds of the United States, 1971 (ISBN 0-486-20504-5) See page: 188
• Gilkey`s Weeds of the Pacific Northwest, 1980 (ISBN 0-88246-039-0) See page: 109
• Identification Guide to the Weeds of Quebec, 1999 (ISBN# 2-89457-174-7) See page: 140
• Northwest Weeds, 1990 (ISBN 0-87842-249-8) See page: 57
• Ontario Weeds, 1992 Agdex 640, Publication #505 See page: 84
• Selected Weeds of Oregon, 1985 and 1989 Supplement (s) Oregon State Dept. of Agriculture, See page: s18
• Weeds, 1955 (1980) Walter Conrad Muenscher, ISBN# 0-8014-1266-8 See page: 222, 223
• Weeds of California, 1970, State of California Publications and Documents. See page: 195
• Weeds of California and other Western States, 2007 (ISBN 13: 978-1-879906-69-3) See Page: 1385
• Weeds of Canada, 1970 Canada Dept. of Ag., Pub. # 948, See page: 70
• Weeds of Nova Scotia, 1986 (ISBN# 0-88871-063) See page: 12
• Weeds of the Midwestern United States & Central Canada, University of Georgia 2010, ISBN#0-8203-3506-1 See page: 273
• Weeds of the Northeast, 1956, Univ. of Delaware Field Manual #1 See species #: 340
• Weeds of the Northeast, 1997 Cornell University ISBN# 0-8014-8334-4 See page: 294
• Weeds of the Northern United States and Canada, 1964 Montgomery See page: 59
• Weeds of the Northern U.S, and Canada, 1999 Royer and Dickinson, (ISBN# 1-55105-221-0) See page: 117
• Weeds of the United States and Their Control, Lorenzi 1987, ISBN# 0-442-25884-4 See page: 146
• Weeds of the West, 1992 (ISBN 0941570-13-4) See page: 532
• Weeds of the West, 2000 (ISBN 0941570-13-4) See page: 526
• Listed as a `Weed` by the Biota of North America Program, 2008 x
• Listed in the WSSA Composite List of Weeds X