Flower Color

• White

Inflorescence Type (How the flowers are arranged on the plant)

• Cyme (simple or branched)
• Panicle
• Solitary, axillary

Number of Petals

• 5 petals

Petal Separation

• Completely free to base

Petal Tip

• Bilobed

Flower Symmetry

• Flowers regular

Flower Length (Head length in the Asteraceae)

• 1.0 cm (.40 inch)
• 1.5 cm (.6 inch)
• 2.0 cm (.8 inch)
• 2.5 cm (1.0 inch)

Flower Width (Head width in the Asteraceae)

• 1.5 cm (.60 inch)
• 2.0 cm (.80 inch)
• 2.5 cm (1.0 inch)

Number of Sepals

• 5 sepals

Sepal Separation

• United > 75% of length

Sepal Tip

• Pointed

Flower Sex

• Unisexual (monoecious or dioecious)

Number of Styles

• Styles lacking (male flowers only)
• 5 styles

Number of Stamens

• stamens lacking (female flowers only)
• 10 stamens

Stamens Attached to the Petals

• Stamens NOT attached to the petals

Stamens Connate (united)

• Filaments or anthers NOT united

Carpel Separation

• Carpels united (or one)

Number of Carpels

• 0 (male flowers only or plants producing spores)
• 5 carpels

Ovary Position

• Superior (hypogynous)

Fruit Type

• Capsule, 1-celled

Fruit Length at Maturity

• 1.0 cm (.40 inch)
• 1.5 cm (.60 inch)
• 2.0 cm (.80 inch)
• 2.5 cm (1.0 inch)

Fruit Width at Maturity

• 7 mm (.28 inch)
• 8 mm (.32 inch)
• 9 mm (.36 inch)
• 1.0 cm (.40 inch)
• 1.5 cm (.60 inch)
• 2.0 cm (.80 inch)

Burs

• Fruit or seed NOT bur-like

Leaf Arrangement

• Opposite

Leaf Type

• Simple (including lobed leaves)

Stipules

• Lacking

Tendrils

• Tendrils absent

Venation

• Arcuate
• Parallel

Petiole (leaf stem) Blade Ratio

• Petiole absent (leaf sessile)
• Petiole < 25% total length

Leaf Length (blade PLUS petiole)

• 2 - 4 cm (.80 - 1.60 inches)
• 4 - 10 cm (1.60 - 4.0 inches)
• 1 - 2 dm (4.0 - 8.0 inches)

Leaf Width

• 5 - 10 mm (.20 - .40 inch)
• 1 - 2 cm (.40 - .80 inch)
• 2 - 4 cm (.80 - 1.6 inches)

Leaf Shape (simple leaves only)

• Elliptic
• Lanceolate
• Oblong

Leaf or Leaflet Margin

• Entire

Leaf or Leaflet Blade Base

• Acuminate (attenuate)
• Clasping

Leaf or Leaflet Tip

• Acuminate (attenuate)
• Acute

Leaf or Leaflet Blade Surface

• Glandular
• Hirsute
• Pubescent

Succulence

• Not succulent

Milky Juice

• Juice NOT milky (watery)

Woodiness

• Herbaceous

Spines or Thorns

• Spines or Thorns ABSENT

Aromatic (vegetative structures)

• Not aromatic

Life Cycle

• Perennial

Growth Habit (while flowering)

• Erect, columnar (narrow)
• Erect, spherical (bushy)

Plant Height at Maturity

• 4 - 6 dm (1.3 - 2.0 feet)
• 6 - 8 dm (2.0 - 2.6 feet)
• 8 - 10 dm (2.6 - 3.3 feet)
• 1 - 1.5 meters (3.3 - 5.0 feet)

Wind Dissemination

• Not wind disseminated

Moisture Regime

• Mesic

Chlorophyll

• Present

Stem Cross Section

• Round

Flowering Stem Leaves

• Stem uniformly leafy

Main Stem Branches

• Main stem branched

Root or Vegetative Propagule

• Tap Root

US State

• Alabama
• Arkansas
• Connecticut
• Delaware
• Georgia
• Illinois
• Kansas
• Kentucky
• Massachusetts
• Maine
• Michigan
• Missouri
• North Carolina
• New Hampshire
• New Jersey
• New York
• Ohio
• Pennsylvania
• South Carolina
• Tennessee
• Virginia
• Wisconsin
• West Virginia
• Indiana
• Maryland
• Rhode Island
• Vermont
• Alaska
• California
• Colorado
• Iowa
• Idaho
• Minnesota
• Montana
• North Dakota
• New Mexico
• Nevada
• Oregon
• South Dakota
• Utah
• Washington
• Wyoming
• Nebraska

Canadian Province or Territory

• British Columbia
• New Brunswick
• Nova Scotia
• Ontario
• Prince Edward Island
• Quebec
• Alberta
• Manitoba
• Newfoundland
• Saskatchewan

Other

• District of Columbia
• St. Pierre and Miquelon
• Greenland

• The Biology of Canadian Weeds: Canadian Journal of Plant Science Vol:57Pg1103
• Common Weeds of Canada, Mulligan 1987 (ISBN 0-910053-59-9) See page: 37
• Common Weeds of the Canadian Prairies, 1963 (Cat# A53-1136-1) See page: 46
• Common Weeds of the United States, 1971 (ISBN 0-486-20504-5) See page: 160
• Common Weed Seedlings of the North Central States, 2001 North Central Regional Extension Publication # 607 See page: 19
• Gilkey`s Weeds of the Pacific Northwest, 1980 (ISBN 0-88246-039-0) See page: 97
• How to Know the Weeds, 1972, (ISBN# 0-697-04880-2) See page: 101
• Identification Guide to the Weeds of Quebec, 1999 (ISBN# 2-89457-174-7) See page: 26
• Northwest Weeds, 1990 (ISBN 0-87842-249-8) See page: 37
• Ontario Weeds, 1992 Agdex 640, Publication #505 See page: 77
• Some Important Michigan Weeds, 1951 Mich. Ag. Exp. Station Bulletin #304, See page: 99
• South Dakota Weeds, 1967 South Dakota State University, See page: 88
• South Dakota Weeds 2002 South Dakota Dept. of Ag. 523 E. Capitol, Foss Bldg. Pierre, South Dakota 57501 See page: 108
• S.W.S.S. Weed ID Guide, 1993 Section Number and Five letter code: 11 MELAL
• Weeds, 1955 (1980) Walter Conrad Muenscher, ISBN# 0-8014-1266-8 See page: 205, 207
• Weeds of Alberta, 1983 Alberta Environmental Centre Agdex 640-4, See page: 145
• Weeds of California, 1970, State of California Publications and Documents. See page: 182, 183
• Weeds of California and other Western States, 2007 (ISBN 13: 978-1-879906-69-3) See Page: 580
• Weeds of Canada, 1970 Canada Dept. of Ag., Pub. # 948, See page: 65
• Weeds of Eastern Washington and Adjacent Areas, 1972 (LOC 72-83635) See page: 114
• Weeds of the Midwestern United States & Central Canada, University of Georgia 2010, ISBN#0-8203-3506-1 See page: 177
• Weeds of the North Central States, 1981 Univ. of Illinois, Urbana - Champaign Bulletin # 772, See page: 74
• Weeds of the Northeast, 1956, Univ. of Delaware Field Manual #1 See species #: 107
• Weeds of the Northeast, 1997 Cornell University ISBN# 0-8014-8334-4 See page: 198
• Weeds of the Northern United States and Canada, 1964 Montgomery See page: 51
• Weeds of the Northern U.S, and Canada, 1999 Royer and Dickinson, (ISBN# 1-55105-221-0) See page: 328
• Weeds of the South, University of Georgia 2009, ISBN#0-8203-3046-9 See page: 152
• Weeds of the United States and Their Control, Lorenzi 1987, ISBN# 0-442-25884-4 See page: 132
• Weeds of the West, 1992 (ISBN 0941570-13-4) See page: 260
• Weeds of the West, 2000 (ISBN 0941570-13-4) See page: 252
• Wildly Successful Plants, A Handbook of North American Weeds, 1977 (ISBN# 0-02-528850-4) See page: 26, 187
• Listed as a `Weed` by the Biota of North America Program, 2008 x
• Listed in the WSSA Composite List of Weeds X