Flower Color

• Purple
• Red-purple

Inflorescence Type (How the flowers are arranged on the plant)

• Head
• Solitary, axillary
• Solitary, terminal

Number of Petals

• 0 (no petals)
• 5 petals
• more than 10 petals

Petal Separation

• Completely free to base
• United > 75% of length

Petal Tip

• Pointed

Flower Symmetry

• Flowers regular

Flower Length (Head length in the Asteraceae)

• 2.0 cm (.8 inch)
• 2.5 cm (1.0 inch)
• 3.0 cm (1.2 inches)
• 3.5 cm (1.4 inches)
• 4.0 cm (1.6 inches)
• 4.5 cm (1.8 inches)

Flower Width (Head width in the Asteraceae)

• 2.5 cm (1.0 inch)
• 3.0 cm (1.2 inches)
• 3.5 cm (1.4 inches)
• 4.0 cm (1.6 inches)
• 4.5 cm (1.8 inches)
• 5.0 cm (2.0 inches)

Number of Sepals

• sepals lacking
• more than 10 sepals

Sepal Separation

• Completely free to base

Sepal Tip

• Pointed
• Spine-like

Flower Sex

• Bisexual (perfect)

Number of Styles

• 1 style

Number of Stamens

• 5 stamens

Stamens Attached to the Petals

• Stamens attached to the petals

Stamens Connate (united)

• Anthers united, syngynoecious

Carpel Separation

• Carpels united (or one)

Number of Carpels

• 1 carpel

Ovary Position

• Inferior (epigynous)

Fruit Type

• Achene

Fruit Length at Maturity

• 6 mm (.24 inch)
• 7 mm (.28 inch)

Fruit Width at Maturity

• 3 mm (.12 inch)
• 4 mm (.16 inch)

Burs

• Fruit or seed NOT bur-like

Leaf Arrangement

• Alternate

Leaf Type

• Simple (including lobed leaves)

Stipules

• Lacking

Tendrils

• Tendrils absent

Venation

• Pinnate

Petiole (leaf stem) Blade Ratio

• Petiole absent (leaf sessile)
• Petiole < 25% total length

Leaf Length (blade PLUS petiole)

• 1 - 2 dm (4.0 - 8.0 inches)
• 2 - 4 dm (8.0 - 16.0 inches)
• 4 - 6 dm (1.3 - 2.0 feet)

Leaf Width

• 1 - 2 dm (4.0 - 8.0 inches)

Leaf Shape (simple leaves only)

• Pinnately lobed

Leaf or Leaflet Margin

• Dentate
• Lobed
• Undulate (sinuate, repand)

Leaf or Leaflet Blade Base

• Acute (cuneate)
• Auriculate
• Clasping

Leaf or Leaflet Tip

• Acuminate (attenuate)
• Acute
• Aristate

Leaf or Leaflet Blade Surface

• Glabrous (NO hairs)
• Spiny or prickly
• Tomentose

Succulence

• Not succulent

Milky Juice

• Juice NOT milky (watery)

Woodiness

• Herbaceous

Spines or Thorns

• Spines on leaves or stems
• Spines on flowers\fruits AND leaves\stems

Aromatic (vegetative structures)

• Not aromatic

Life Cycle

• Annual
• Biennial

Growth Habit (while flowering)

• Erect, columnar (narrow)

Plant Height at Maturity

• 6 - 8 dm (2.0 - 2.6 feet)
• 8 - 10 dm (2.6 - 3.3 feet)
• 1 - 1.5 meters (3.3 - 5.0 feet)
• 1.5 - 2.0 meters (5.0 - 6.6 feet)

Wind Dissemination

• Fruit, seed, or spore wind borne

Moisture Regime

• Seasonally saturated
• Mesic

Chlorophyll

• Present

Stem Cross Section

• Hollow (flowering stem at maturity)
• Round

Flowering Stem Leaves

• Stem leaves greatly reduced

Main Stem Branches

• Main stem branched

Root or Vegetative Propagule

• Tap Root

US State

• Alabama
• Arkansas
• Connecticut
• Georgia
• Louisiana
• Massachusetts
• Michigan
• Missouri
• Mississippi
• New Hampshire
• New York
• Ohio
• Pennsylvania
• South Carolina
• Tennessee
• Texas
• Virginia
• West Virginia
• Indiana
• Maryland
• Arizona
• California
• Colorado
• New Mexico
• Nevada
• Oklahoma
• Oregon
• Washington

Canadian Province or Territory

• British Columbia
• New Brunswick
• Nova Scotia
• Ontario
• Quebec
• Alberta
• Saskatchewan

Other

• District of Columbia

• An Illustrated Guide To Arizona Weeds, 1972 (ISBN 0-8165-0288-9) 338 pages. See page: 314
• California Growers Weed Identification Handbook, 1968 - 1998 University of California Publication # 4030-1, See page: 44
• Garden Weeds of Southern California, 1981, See page: 124
• Gilkey`s Weeds of the Pacific Northwest, 1980 (ISBN 0-88246-039-0) See page: 344
• Ontario Weeds, 1992 Agdex 640, Publication #505 See page: 241
• Selected Weeds of Oregon, 1985 and 1989 Supplement (s) Oregon State Dept. of Agriculture, See page: 92
• S.W.S.S. Weed ID Guide, 1993 Section Number and Five letter code: 13 SLYMA
• Weeds, A Golden Guide, 1972 ISBN#0-307-24353-2 See page: 148
• Weeds of California, 1970, State of California Publications and Documents. See page: 496
• Weeds of California and other Western States, 2007 (ISBN 13: 978-1-879906-69-3) See Page: 391
• Weeds of the South, University of Georgia 2009, ISBN#0-8203-3046-9 See page: 100
• Weeds of the West, 1992 (ISBN 0941570-13-4) See page: 172
• Weeds of the West, 2000 (ISBN 0941570-13-4) See page: 172
• Listed as a `Weed` by the Biota of North America Program, 2008 x
• Listed in the WSSA Composite List of Weeds X