Flower Color

• White

Inflorescence Type (How the flowers are arranged on the plant)

• Internodal cluster

Number of Petals

• 5 petals

Petal Separation

• United at base only (<25% length)
• United from 25% - 75% length

Petal Tip

• Pointed

Flower Symmetry

• Flowers regular

Flower Length (Head length in the Asteraceae)

• 4 mm (.16 inch)
• 5 mm (.20 inch)
• 6 mm (.24 inch)
• 7 mm (.28 inch)
• 8 mm (.32 inch)
• 9 mm (.36 inch)
• 1.0 cm (.40 inch)

Flower Width (Head width in the Asteraceae)

• 4 mm (.16 inch)
• 5 mm (.20 inch)
• 6 mm (.24 inch)
• 7 mm (.28 inch)
• 8 mm (.32 inch)
• 9 mm (.36 inch)
• 1.0 cm (.40 inch)

Number of Sepals

• 5 sepals

Sepal Separation

• United at base < 25% length
• United from 25% - 75% length

Sepal Tip

• Pointed
• Rounded

Flower Sex

• Bisexual (perfect)

Number of Styles

• 1 style

Number of Stamens

• 5 stamens

Stamens Attached to the Petals

• Stamens attached to the petals

Stamens Connate (united)

• Filaments or anthers NOT united
• Anthers united, syngynoecious

Carpel Separation

• Carpels united (or one)

Number of Carpels

• 2 carpels

Ovary Position

• Superior (hypogynous)

Fruit Type

• Berry, black
• Berry, green

Fruit Length at Maturity

• 5 mm (.20 inch)
• 6 mm (.24 inch)
• 7 mm (.28 inch)
• 8 mm (.32 inch)
• 9 mm (.36 inch)
• 1.0 cm (.40 inch)
• 1.5 cm (.60 inch)

Fruit Width at Maturity

• 5 mm (.20 inch)
• 6 mm (.24 inch)
• 7 mm (.28 inch)
• 8 mm (.32 inch)
• 9 mm (.36 inch)
• 1.0 cm (.40 inch)
• 1.5 cm (.60 inch)

Burs

• Fruit or seed NOT bur-like

Leaf Arrangement

• Alternate

Leaf Type

• Simple (including lobed leaves)

Stipules

• Lacking

Tendrils

• Tendrils absent

Venation

• Pinnate

Petiole (leaf stem) Blade Ratio

• Petiole < 25% total length
• Petiole 25% - 75% total length

Leaf Length (blade PLUS petiole)

• 2 - 4 cm (.80 - 1.60 inches)
• 4 - 10 cm (1.60 - 4.0 inches)

Leaf Width

• 1 - 2 cm (.40 - .80 inch)
• 2 - 4 cm (.80 - 1.6 inches)
• 4 - 10 cm (1.6 - 4.0 inches)

Leaf Shape (simple leaves only)

• Deltoid (triangular)
• Ovate

Leaf or Leaflet Margin

• Crenate
• Entire
• Lobed
• Undulate (sinuate, repand)

Leaf or Leaflet Blade Base

• Acute (cuneate)
• Acuminate (attenuate)
• Truncate

Leaf or Leaflet Tip

• Acute
• Rounded (obtuse)

Leaf or Leaflet Blade Surface

• Glabrous (NO hairs)
• Pubescent
• Strigose

Succulence

• Not succulent

Milky Juice

• Juice NOT milky (watery)

Woodiness

• Herbaceous

Spines or Thorns

• Spines or Thorns ABSENT

Aromatic (vegetative structures)

• Not aromatic
• Aromatic

Life Cycle

• Annual

Growth Habit (while flowering)

• Spreading ascending
• Erect, spherical (bushy)

Plant Height at Maturity

• 1 - 2 dm (4.0 - 8.0 inches)
• 2 - 4 dm (8.0 - 16.0 inches)
• 4 - 6 dm (1.3 - 2.0 feet)

Wind Dissemination

• Not wind disseminated

Moisture Regime

• Mesic

Chlorophyll

• Present

Stem Cross Section

• Round

Flowering Stem Leaves

• Stem uniformly leafy

Main Stem Branches

• Main stem branched

Root or Vegetative Propagule

• Tap Root

US State

• Alabama
• Florida
• Massachusetts
• Maine
• New Hampshire
• New York
• South Carolina
• Virginia
• Hawaii
• Maryland
• Alaska
• California
• Oregon
• Washington

Other

• Virgin Islands
• District of Columbia

Canadian Province or Territory

• Nova Scotia
• Ontario
• Newfoundland

• The Biology of Canadian Weeds: Canadian Journal of Plant Science Vol:65Pg.401
• California Growers Weed Identification Handbook, 1968 - 1998 University of California Publication # 4030-1, See page: 142
• Common Weeds of the Canadian Prairies, 1963 (Cat# A53-1136-1) See page: 61
• Common Weeds of the United States, 1971 (ISBN 0-486-20504-5) See page: 324
• Common Weed Seedlings of the United States and Canada, 1978 Coop Ext. Univ. of Georgia, Athens, See page: 28
• Gilkey`s Weeds of the Pacific Northwest, 1980 (ISBN 0-88246-039-0) See page: 253
• How to Know the Weeds, 1972, (ISBN# 0-697-04880-2) See page: 135
• Identification Guide to the Weeds of Quebec, 1999 (ISBN# 2-89457-174-7) See page: 147
• Identifying Seedling and Mature Weeds (Southeastern US) 1980 North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Bulletin #461 See page: 110
• Manual of Ohio Weeds, 1931 Ohio Ag. Exp. Station Bull. # 475, See page: 75
• Nebraska Weeds, 1979 Nebraska Dept. of Ag., Lincoln NE, See page: 168
• Ontario Weeds, 1992 Agdex 640, Publication #505 See page: 184
• Representative Missouri Weeds and Their Control, 1941 Univ. of Missouri Ag. Exp Station Bulletin #433, See page: 159
• Selected Weeds of Oregon, 1985 and 1989 Supplement (s) Oregon State Dept. of Agriculture, See page: 59
• Some Important Michigan Weeds, 1951 Mich. Ag. Exp. Station Bulletin #304, See page: 173
• South Dakota Weeds, 1967 South Dakota State University, See page: 146
• South Dakota Weeds 2002 South Dakota Dept. of Ag. 523 E. Capitol, Foss Bldg. Pierre, South Dakota 57501 See page: 123
• S.W.S.S. Weed ID Guide, 1993 Section Number and Five letter code: 5 SOLNI
• Weeds, 1955 (1980) Walter Conrad Muenscher, ISBN# 0-8014-1266-8 See page: 388, 389
• Weeds, A Golden Guide, 1972 ISBN#0-307-24353-2 See page: 104, 105
• Weeds and Poisonous Plants of Wyoming and Utah 1987 (ISBN 0-941570-06-1) See page: 116
• Weeds of California, 1970, State of California Publications and Documents. See page: 391
• Weeds of California and other Western States, 2007 (ISBN 13: 978-1-879906-69-3) See Page: 1528
• Weeds of Eastern Washington and Adjacent Areas, 1972 (LOC 72-83635) See page: 242
• Weeds of Nebraska and the Great Plains, 1994 (ISBN 0939870-00-4) See page: 526
• Weeds of the Northeast, 1956, Univ. of Delaware Field Manual #1 See species #: 202
• Weeds of the Northeast, 1997 Cornell University ISBN# 0-8014-8334-4 See page: 318, 374
• Weeds of the Northern United States and Canada, 1964 Montgomery See page: 145
• Weeds of the Northern U.S, and Canada, 1999 Royer and Dickinson, (ISBN# 1-55105-221-0) See page: 300-01, 303
• Weeds of the Southern United States, 1975, North Carolina Ag. Extension Circular #599 See page: 41
• Weeds of the United States and Their Control, Lorenzi 1987, ISBN# 0-442-25884-4 See page: 262
• Weeds of the West, 1992 (ISBN 0941570-13-4) See page: 574
• Weeds of the West, 2000 (ISBN 0941570-13-4) See page: 568
• Weeds of Utah, 1971 UAES Special Report 21, See page: 80
• Wildly Successful Plants, A Handbook of North American Weeds, 1977 (ISBN# 0-02-528850-4) See page: 26, 189
• Listed as a `Weed` by the Biota of North America Program, 2008 x
• Listed in the WSSA Composite List of Weeds X