Flower Color

• Yellow-green
• Green

Inflorescence Type (How the flowers are arranged on the plant)

• Axillary cluster
• Head
• Solitary, axillary

Number of Petals

• 0 (no petals)
• 5 petals

Petal Separation

• United > 75% of length

Petal Tip

• Pointed

Flower Symmetry

• Flowers regular

Flower Length (Head length in the Asteraceae)

• 2 mm (.08 inch)
• 3 mm (.12 inch)
• 4 mm (.16 inch)
• 5 mm (.20 inch)
• 6 mm (.24 inch)
• 7 mm (.28 inch)

Flower Width (Head width in the Asteraceae)

• 3 mm (.12 inch)
• 4 mm (.16 inch)
• 5 mm (.20 inch)
• 6 mm (.24 inch)
• 7 mm (.28 inch)
• 8 mm (.32 inch)

Number of Sepals

• sepals lacking
• more than 10 sepals

Sepal Separation

• Completely free to base

Sepal Tip

• Spine-like

Flower Sex

• Bisexual (perfect)

Number of Styles

• 1 style

Number of Stamens

• 5 stamens

Stamens Attached to the Petals

• Stamens attached to the petals

Stamens Connate (united)

• Anthers united, syngynoecious

Carpel Separation

• Carpels united (or one)

Number of Carpels

• 1 carpel

Ovary Position

• Inferior (epigynous)

Fruit Type

• Achene

Fruit Length at Maturity

• 1 mm (.04 inch) or less
• 2 mm (.08 inch)
• 3 mm (.12 inch)
• 4 mm (.16 inch)
• 5 mm (.20 inch)
• 6 mm (.24 inch)
• 7 mm (.28 inch)
• 8 mm (.32 inch)

Fruit Width at Maturity

• 1 mm (.04 inch) or less
• 2 mm (.08 inch)
• 3 mm (.12 inch)
• 4 mm (.16 inch)
• 5 mm (.20 inch)
• 6 mm (.24 inch)
• 7 mm (.28 inch)
• 8 mm (.32 inch)

Burs

• Fruit or seed bur-like

Leaf Arrangement

• Opposite

Leaf Type

• Pinnately dissected

Stipules

• Lacking

Tendrils

• Tendrils absent

Venation

• Pinnate

Petiole (leaf stem) Blade Ratio

• Petiole < 25% total length
• Petiole 25% - 75% total length

Leaf Length (blade PLUS petiole)

• 1 - 2 cm (.40 - .80 inch)
• 2 - 4 cm (.80 - 1.60 inches)

Leaf Width

• 5 - 10 mm (.20 - .40 inch)
• 1 - 2 cm (.40 - .80 inch)

Leaf or Leaflet Margin

• Lobed
• Parted
• Ciliate

Leaf or Leaflet Blade Base

• Truncate

Leaf or Leaflet Tip

• Acute

Leaf or Leaflet Blade Surface

• Hirsute
• Pubescent

Succulence

• Not succulent

Milky Juice

• Juice NOT milky (watery)

Woodiness

• Herbaceous

Spines or Thorns

• Spines or Thorns ABSENT
• Spines on flowers or fruits only

Aromatic (vegetative structures)

• Not aromatic

Life Cycle

• Annual

Growth Habit (while flowering)

• Spreading ascending
• Erect, spherical (bushy)

Plant Height at Maturity

• 1 - 5 cm (.40 - 2.0 inches)
• 5 - 10 cm (2.0 - 4.0 inches)
• 1 - 2 dm (4.0 - 8.0 inches)

Wind Dissemination

• Not wind disseminated

Moisture Regime

• Mesic

Chlorophyll

• Present

Stem Cross Section

• Round

Flowering Stem Leaves

• Stem uniformly leafy

Main Stem Branches

• Main stem branched

Root or Vegetative Propagule

• Fibrous

US State

• Alabama
• Arkansas
• Florida
• Georgia
• Louisiana
• Mississippi
• North Carolina
• South Carolina
• Tennessee
• Texas
• Virginia
• Hawaii
• Arizona
• California
• Oklahoma
• Oregon
• Washington

Canadian Province or Territory

• British Columbia

• Garden Weeds of Southern California, 1981, See page: 103
• S.W.S.S. Weed ID Guide, 1993 Section Number and Five letter code: 13 SOVPT
• Weeds of Arkansas 1981 (MP 169-5M-3-81) See page: 19
• Weeds of California, 1970, State of California Publications and Documents. See page: 498
• Weeds of California and other Western States, 2007 (ISBN 13: 978-1-879906-69-3) See Page: 395
• Weeds of Southern Turfgrasses, 1992 Univ. of Florida, Gainesville Publication # SP-79, See page: 108
• Weeds of the South, University of Georgia 2009, ISBN#0-8203-3046-9 See page: 103
• Listed as a `Weed` by the Biota of North America Program, 2008 x
• Listed in the WSSA Composite List of Weeds X
• Sonchus arvensis ssp. arvensis / Asteraceae / sowthistle, perennial
• The Biology of Canadian Weeds: Canadian Journal of Plant Science Vol:70Pg.509
• Common Weeds of Canada, Mulligan 1987 (ISBN 0-910053-59-9) See page: 130
• Common Weeds of the Canadian Prairies, 1963 (Cat# A53-1136-1) See page: 62
• Common Weeds of the United States, 1971 (ISBN 0-486-20504-5) See page: 432
• Fifty Important Weeds of Montana, Montana Ag. Ext. Service, 1920. 126 pages. See page: 94
• Gilkey`s Weeds of the Pacific Northwest, 1980 (ISBN 0-88246-039-0) See page: 295
• How to Know the Weeds, 1972, (ISBN# 0-697-04880-2) See page: 160
• Identification Guide to the Weeds of Quebec, 1999 (ISBN# 2-89457-174-7) See page: 54
• Manual of Ohio Weeds, 1931 Ohio Ag. Exp. Station Bull. # 475, See page: 110
• Nebraska Weeds, 1979 Nebraska Dept. of Ag., Lincoln NE, See page: 243
• Northwest Weeds, 1990 (ISBN 0-87842-249-8) See page: 159
• Ontario Weeds, 1992 Agdex 640, Publication #505 See page: 247
• Some Important Michigan Weeds, 1951 Mich. Ag. Exp. Station Bulletin #304, See page: 201
• South Dakota Weeds, 1967 South Dakota State University, See page: 15
• South Dakota Weeds 2002 South Dakota Dept. of Ag. 523 E. Capitol, Foss Bldg. Pierre, South Dakota 57501 See page: 22/23
• S.W.S.S. Weed ID Guide, 1993 Section Number and Five letter code: 13 SONAR
• Weed Seeds of the Great Plains, 1993 University of Kansas# 92-125-B ISBN# 0-7006-0651-3 See index #: 243
• Weeds, 1955 (1980) Walter Conrad Muenscher, ISBN# 0-8014-1266-8 See page: 496, 497
• Weeds, A Golden Guide, 1972 ISBN#0-307-24353-2 See page: 155
• Weeds, 1957 Illinois State Dept. of Ag., See page: 20
• Weeds and Poisonous Plants of Wyoming and Utah 1987 (ISBN 0-941570-06-1) See page: 210
• Weeds of Alberta, 1983 Alberta Environmental Centre Agdex 640-4, See page: 191
• Weeds of California, 1970, State of California Publications and Documents. See page: 499, 500
• Weeds of California and other Western States, 2007 (ISBN 13: 978-1-879906-69-3) See Page: 402
• Weeds of Canada, 1970 Canada Dept. of Ag., Pub. # 948, See page: 201
• Weeds of Colorado, 1990 Cooperative Extension, Colorado State Univ. Bulletin 521A, See page: 185
• Weeds of Eastern Washington and Adjacent Areas, 1972 (LOC 72-83635) See page: 322
• Weeds of Nova Scotia, 1986 (ISBN# 0-88871-063) See page: 80
• Weeds of the Midwestern United States & Central Canada, University of Georgia 2010, ISBN#0-8203-3506-1 See page: 123
• Weeds of the North Central States, 1981 Univ. of Illinois, Urbana - Champaign Bulletin # 772, See page: 234
• Weeds of the Northeast, 1956, Univ. of Delaware Field Manual #1 See species #: 258
• Weeds of the Northeast, 1997 Cornell University ISBN# 0-8014-8334-4 See page: 150, 158
• Weeds of the Northern United States and Canada, 1964 Montgomery See page: 201
• Weeds of the Northern U.S, and Canada, 1999 Royer and Dickinson, (ISBN# 1-55105-221-0) See page: 54, 55
• Weeds of the South, University of Georgia 2009, ISBN#0-8203-3046-9 See page: 104
• Weeds of the West, 1992 (ISBN 0941570-13-4) See page: 176
• Weeds of the West, 2000 (ISBN 0941570-13-4) See page: 176
• Weeds of Utah, 1971 UAES Special Report 21, See page: 106
• Listed as a `Weed` by the Biota of North America Program, 2008 x
• Listed in the WSSA Composite List of Weeds X
• Sonchus arvensis ssp. uliginosus / Asteraceae / sowthistle, marsh
• Identification Guide to the Weeds of Quebec, 1999 (ISBN# 2-89457-174-7) See page: 55
• Ontario Weeds, 1992 Agdex 640, Publication #505 See page: 247
• Weeds, 1955 (1980) Walter Conrad Muenscher, ISBN# 0-8014-1266-8 See page: 498
• Weeds of the Northern United States and Canada, 1964 Montgomery See page: 201
• Weeds of the Northern U.S, and Canada, 1999 Royer and Dickinson, (ISBN# 1-55105-221-0) See page: 55
• Weeds of the West, 1992 (ISBN 0941570-13-4) See page: 178
• Weeds of the West, 2000 (ISBN 0941570-13-4) See page: 178
• Listed as a `Weed` by the Biota of North America Program, 2008 x
• Listed in the WSSA Composite List of Weeds X