Flower Color

• Yellow-green
• Green
• White

Inflorescence Type (How the flowers are arranged on the plant)

• Axillary cluster
• Panicle

Number of Petals

• 5 petals

Petal Separation

• Completely free to base

Petal Tip

• Pointed
• Rounded

Flower Symmetry

• Flowers regular

Flower Length (Head length in the Asteraceae)

• 1 mm (.04 inch)
• 2 mm (.08 inch)
• 3 mm (.12 inch)

Flower Width (Head width in the Asteraceae)

• 2 mm (.08 inch)
• 3 mm (.12 inch)

Number of Sepals

• 5 sepals

Sepal Separation

• Completely free to base

Sepal Tip

• Pointed
• Rounded

Flower Sex

• Bisexual (perfect)

Number of Styles

• 1 style

Number of Stamens

• 5 stamens

Stamens Attached to the Petals

• Stamens NOT attached to the petals

Stamens Connate (united)

• Filaments or anthers NOT united

Carpel Separation

• Carpels united (or one)

Number of Carpels

• 1 carpel
• 3 carpels

Ovary Position

• Superior (hypogynous)

Fruit Type

• Berry, white
• Berry, yellow\orange\brown

Fruit Length at Maturity

• 3 mm (.12 inch)
• 4 mm (.16 inch)
• 5 mm (.20 inch)

Fruit Width at Maturity

• 3 mm (.12 inch)
• 4 mm (.16 inch)
• 5 mm (.20 inch)

Burs

• Fruit or seed NOT bur-like

Leaf Arrangement

• Alternate

Leaf Type

• Trifoliolate (3 leaflets)

Stipules

• Lacking

Tendrils

• Tendrils absent

Venation

• Pinnate

Petiole (leaf stem) Blade Ratio

• Petiole 25% - 75% total length

Leaf Length (blade PLUS petiole)

• 4 - 10 cm (1.60 - 4.0 inches)
• 1 - 2 dm (4.0 - 8.0 inches)
• 2 - 4 dm (8.0 - 16.0 inches)

Leaf Width

• 4 - 10 cm (1.6 - 4.0 inches)
• 1 - 2 dm (4.0 - 8.0 inches)
• 2 - 4 dm (8.0 - 16.0 inches)

Leaf or Leaflet Margin

• Crenate
• Entire

Leaf or Leaflet Blade Base

• Acute (cuneate)
• Rounded

Leaf or Leaflet Tip

• Acuminate (attenuate)
• Acute

Leaf or Leaflet Blade Surface

• Glabrous (NO hairs)
• Pubescent

Succulence

• Not succulent

Milky Juice

• Juice milky

Woodiness

• Woody

Spines or Thorns

• Spines or Thorns ABSENT

Aromatic (vegetative structures)

• Not aromatic

Life Cycle

• Perennial

Growth Habit (while flowering)

• Erect, columnar (narrow)
• Erect, spherical (bushy)
• Climbing vine

Plant Height at Maturity

• 4 - 6 dm (1.3 - 2.0 feet)
• 6 - 8 dm (2.0 - 2.6 feet)
• 8 - 10 dm (2.6 - 3.3 feet)
• 1 - 1.5 meters (3.3 - 5.0 feet)
• 1.5 - 2.0 meters (5.0 - 6.6 feet)

Wind Dissemination

• Not wind disseminated

Moisture Regime

• Seasonally saturated
• Mesic

Chlorophyll

• Present

Stem Cross Section

• Round

Flowering Stem Leaves

• Stem uniformly leafy

Main Stem Branches

• Main stem unbranched
• Main stem branched

Root or Vegetative Propagule

• Rhizomatous
• Rooting at the nodes
• Tap Root

US State

• Alabama
• Arkansas
• Connecticut
• Delaware
• Florida
• Georgia
• Illinois
• Kansas
• Kentucky
• Louisiana
• Massachusetts
• Maine
• Michigan
• Missouri
• Mississippi
• North Carolina
• New Hampshire
• New Jersey
• New York
• Ohio
• Pennsylvania
• South Carolina
• Tennessee
• Texas
• Virginia
• Wisconsin
• West Virginia
• Indiana
• Maryland
• Rhode Island
• Vermont
• Arizona
• Iowa
• Minnesota
• Oklahoma
• South Dakota
• Nebraska

Other

• District of Columbia

Canadian Province or Territory

• New Brunswick
• Nova Scotia
• Ontario
• Prince Edward Island
• Quebec

• The Biology of Canadian Weeds: Canadian Journal of Plant Science Vol:57Pg.515
• Common Weeds of Canada, Mulligan 1987 (ISBN 0-910053-59-9) See page: 73
• Common Weeds of the Canadian Prairies, 1963 (Cat# A53-1136-1) See page: 55
• Common Weeds of the United States, 1971 (ISBN 0-486-20504-5) See page: 256
• Field Guide To The Common Weeds Of Kansas, 1983 (ISBN 0-7006-0233-X) See page: 77
• Gilkey`s Weeds of the Pacific Northwest, 1980 (ISBN 0-88246-039-0) See page: 189
• How to Know the Weeds, 1972, (ISBN# 0-697-04880-2) See page: 95
• Identification Guide to the Weeds of Quebec, 1999 (ISBN# 2-89457-174-7) See page: 214
• Manual of Ohio Weeds, 1931 Ohio Ag. Exp. Station Bull. # 475, See page: 66
• Nebraska Weeds, 1979 Nebraska Dept. of Ag., Lincoln NE, See page: 115
• Northwest Weeds, 1990 (ISBN 0-87842-249-8) See page: 75
• Ontario Weeds, 1992 Agdex 640, Publication #505 See page: 136
• Representative Missouri Weeds and Their Control, 1941 Univ. of Missouri Ag. Exp Station Bulletin #433, See page: 117
• Some Weedy Plants of North Carolina, 1955 North Carolina Ag. Ext. Circular # 390, See page: 34
• S.W.S.S. Weed ID Guide, 1993 Section Number and Five letter code: 10 TOXRA
• Weeds, 1955 (1980) Walter Conrad Muenscher, ISBN# 0-8014-1266-8 See page: 306
• Weeds, A Golden Guide, 1972 ISBN#0-307-24353-2 See page: 82
• Weeds of Arkansas 1981 (MP 169-5M-3-81) See page: 2
• Weeds of Canada, 1970 Canada Dept. of Ag., Pub. # 948, See page: 117
• Weeds of Kentucky and Adjacent States, 1991 (ISBN 0-8131-1743-7) See page: 92
• Weeds of Nebraska and the Great Plains, 1994 (ISBN 0939870-00-4) See page: 45
• Weeds of the Midwestern United States & Central Canada, University of Georgia 2010, ISBN#0-8203-3506-1 See page: 42
• Weeds of the North Central States, 1981 Univ. of Illinois, Urbana - Champaign Bulletin # 772, See page: 121
• Weeds of the Northeast, 1956, Univ. of Delaware Field Manual #1 See species #: 332
• Weeds of the Northeast, 1997 Cornell University ISBN# 0-8014-8334-4 See page: 328, 340
• Weeds of the Northern United States and Canada, 1964 Montgomery See page: 109
• Weeds of the Northern U.S, and Canada, 1999 Royer and Dickinson, (ISBN# 1-55105-221-0) See page: 376, 378-79
• Weeds of the South, University of Georgia 2009, ISBN#0-8203-3046-9 See page: 39
• Weeds of the Southern United States, 1975, North Carolina Ag. Extension Circular #599 See page: 4
• Weeds of the United States and Their Control, Lorenzi 1987, ISBN# 0-442-25884-4 See page: 201
• Weeds of the West, 1992 (ISBN 0941570-13-4) See page: 14
• Weeds of the West, 2000 (ISBN 0941570-13-4) See page: 14
• Weeds of Utah, 1971 UAES Special Report 21, See page: 57
• Wildly Successful Plants, A Handbook of North American Weeds, 1977 (ISBN# 0-02-528850-4) See page: 61,117,171
• Listed as a `Weed` by the Biota of North America Program, 2008 x
• Listed in the WSSA Composite List of Weeds X